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This publication establishes a structured, rigorous standard for cross-referencing ecosystem types to the GET. It first reviews the need for reliable interoperability among ecosystem classifications and the role of the GET as a framework for synthesis. Second, it reviews the conceptual foundations of ecosystem classifications and introduces the structure of the GET. Third, the guidelines introduce key principles for cross-referencing the units of other ecosystem classifications to GET Ecosystem Functional Groups.

This report presents a summary of an Ecosystem and Socio-economic Resilience Analysis and Mapping (ESRAM) project in three communities in South Malaita, Malaita Province in the Solomon Islands; Tapa'atewa, Eliote and Ori Pre.

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Wiawi is an important turtle-nesting site in Vanuatu known for hawksbill and green turtles. The significance of the area came to light after independence in the 1980s following forest conservation interests by the Forestry Department, which resulted in the setting up of the Wiawi Conservation Area. With the support of the Wan Smolbag (WSB) turtle monitoring programme in the 1990s, the community of Wiawi embarked on interventions towards strengthening sea turtle monitoring and conservation in Wiawi through the request from Chief Timothy and his brother Chief Konel Nihapi.

The objective of an Ecosystem and Socio-economic Resilience Analysis and Mapping (ESRAM) process is to generate a robust planning baseline to inform the identification of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) options for strengthening the socio-ecological resilience of communities to the impacts of climate change and other direct anthropogenic impacts.

The objective of an Integrated Ecosystem Management Plan process is to generate a robust planning baseline to inform the identification of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) options for strengthening the socio-ecological resilience of communities to the impacts of climate change and other direct anthropogenic impacts.

he objective of an Ecosystem and Socio-economic Resilience Analysis and Mapping (ESRAM) process is to generate a robust planning baseline to inform the identification of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) options for strengthening the socio-ecological resilience of communities to the impacts of climate change and other direct anthropogenic impacts.

The objective of an Ecosystem and Socio-economic Resilience Analysis and Mapping (ESRAM) process is to generate a robust planning baseline to inform the identification of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) options for strengthening the socio-ecological resilience of communities to the impacts of climate change and other direct anthropogenic impacts.

Bamboo Bay is an important turtle nesting site in Malekula especially for green and hawksbill turtles. The community has been monitoring and conserving turtles, their nests and hatchlings since the 1990s. A village elder, Noel Kaibaba, was the first turtle monitor in Bamboo Bay trained by the Wan Smolbag Theatre turtle programme. The WSB turtle programme has been instrumental in promoting and supporting community turtle monitoring activities through funding support from SPREP projects.

The common interest in healthy fish stocks means that solutions must involve support from conservationists, scientists and fishers. One such example is the deployment of Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) in waters off northern Australia, where six species of sea turtle come into conflict with significant prawn and scallop trawl fisheries. According to WWF Australia, bycatch is the leading cause of death for cetaceans, turtles, dugongs, sharks and seabirds – and some populations are likely to become extinct due to repeated encounters with fishing gear.

The high seas – the vast waters beyond national jurisdiction – cover nearly two-thirds of our planet. They are home to some of Earth’s most mysterious and vital ecosystems, from migratory whales to deep sea corals, and serve as a crucial regulator of the global climate by absorbing carbon and heat. Yet despite their importance, they remain largely unprotected, vulnerable to overfishing, deep-sea mining, plastic pollution, and the mounting impacts of climate change. 

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