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INEA has featured many articles covering the dilemmas, puzzles, and tensions related to global biodiversity governance; this coverage was infrequent in earlier issues but has steadily increased as both environmental diplomacy and international law on biodiversity conservation and environmental justice have expanded. Using the defnition found in the Convention on Biological Diversity, we scanned INEA articles and derived several lessons learnt over the 2000–2020 period.

Setting targets for addressing major planetary concerns is an essential prerequisite for concerted global action (both inside and outside multilateral environmental agreements) and is necessarily a societal and political process, requiring negotiation and convergence among oftenconflicting interests. There is no such thing as a ‘scientific target’ applied in policy or business—operational targets are socio-political choices. However, this is not to say that targets cannot be ‘science-based’.

This compendium of guidance provides details of information sources for capturing, managing, using, and sharing data, all in the context of biodiversity and ecosystem services. The primary aim of this document is to assist the staff of national governments and non-governmental organisations who are responsible for the capture, management and use of data and information with respect to the biodiversity-related conventions.

This compendium is a compilation of available global databases. It provides a basis for increasing access to these databases through the CBD Clearing-House Mechanism and other appropriate tools, and is intended to direct Convention Parties to data and information that can inform the effective implementation of the conventions. As a next step it is intended to make this document a living document and therefore to update it when additional material becomes available and to turn the information into a searchable database online.

The purpose of the document is to help increase access to existing guidance material on synergies among biodiversity-related conventions and to provide a basis for identifying gaps in the available guidance. As such, this report and any future online resources derived from it are primarily intended for informing the national focal points and management authorities responsible for the implementation of biodiversity-related conventions at the national level. Additionally, this can be of use to focal points of related conventions (e.g.