Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) must list species as endangered or threatened regardless of where they are found. If a species occurs exclusively in foreign waters, NOAA refers to it as a "foreign species." To date, there are 42 listed foreign species under NMFS jurisdiction.
How thick should a management plan be? To be sure, there are some thick plans out there heavy enough for use as a door stop. Seriously, a management plan is as thick as it needs to be based upon near term (10-15 years) management needs, legal and regulatory complexity, the environmental setting of the protected area, social and economic issues, resources at the disposal of the team developing the plan, and other factors. In wealthy nations such as the USA, there are abundant resources to develop detailed management plans, a Cadillac version if you will. The U.S.
Presented here are examples of management plans for various kinds of protected areas from strict nature reserves to local village fisheries management plans. In addition, there is a discussion on the reasons for management plans and guidelines for writing a management plan.
Community Based Management resources
Capacity for Conservation relates to organisational ability to deliver effective protected area management. Operated by several conservation organisations, Capacity for Conservation believes that building strong conservation organisations is one of the most effective means of making a lasting contribution to conservation. It aims to support self-led organisational development to achieve conservation goals.
Bunce, L. Townsley, P., Pomeroy, R., Pollnac, R. 2000. Socioeconomic Manual for Coral Reef Management. GCRMN, AIMS, Townsville, Australia.
Kronen, M., Stacey, N., Holland, P., Magron, F., Power, M. 2007. Socioeconomic Fisheries Surveys in Pacific Islands: a Manual for the Collection of a Minimum Dataset. SPC, Noumea, New Caledonia.
|
Wongbusarakum, S., Pomeroy, B., 2008. SEM-PASIFIKA Socioeconomic Monitoring Guidelines for Coastal Managers in Pacific Island Countries. SPREP, Apia, Samoa
These guidelines provide guidance for conducting a socio-economic assessment in the Pacific Islands region. |
Ervin, J. 2003. Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management (RAPPAM) Methodology. WWF, Gland, Switzerland.
The Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management (RAPPAM) methodology provides protected area agencies with a country-wide overview of the effectiveness of protected area management, threats, vulnerabilities and degradation. It provides follow-up recommendations and is an important first step in assessing and improving protected area management. It is described online on the WWF website.