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Field Note - Silent killer: black reefs in the Phoenix Islands Protected Area

The Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA) is in a naturally ironpoor region in the equatorial central Pacific. The main introduction of iron to this environment is from maritime debris, especially shipwrecks and anchor gear, and is linked to proliferation of turf algae and benthic bacterial communities, and the formation of degraded ‘black reefs’...

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A Chapter On Kiribati's Atolls And Marine Ecosystems Recently Published In World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition). Click On The Link To Access The Kiribati Chapter.